牛乳中蛋白质含量约为2.8-3.4克/升,其中约80%为酪蛋白,约20%为乳清蛋白[15]。人体干预实验和代谢研究支持了乳蛋白潜在的心血管代谢益处,例如一项基于十三个随机干预实验研究的荟萃分析研究证实,补充乳清蛋白可降低甘油三酯水平[16],其可能的机制为乳清蛋白促进肝脏脂质代谢,抑制肠道对脂肪酸和胆固醇的吸收,促进胆固醇通过粪便的排出[17]。另外乳清蛋白中富含的支链氨基酸可能激活哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)信号通路和沉默信息调节因子1(Silent information regulator 1, SIR1),从而有助于增强产热并促进胰岛素分泌[9]。乳蛋白也可能通过细菌蛋白水解酶,胃肠道消化,以及酸奶和奶酪的发酵过程产生生物活性肽发挥有效作用[18]。
综上所述,目前的大多数证据表明,乳制品摄入对人类心血管疾病有着中性或积极的影响[11]。考虑到我国乳制品摄入量低的现状(欧美国家牛奶消费量平均超过每人每年300千克,而我国居民仅有21.7千克,相差15倍之多[19]),如何提升饮奶率和保证饮奶人群足量的饮奶量,从而提升整体膳食质量,保证均衡营养,才是现阶段更为现实的问题。
——内蒙古伊利集团股份有限公司乳业技术研究院 营养研究中心 王颜
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